You can seach for a condition/finding in the box below
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Retina
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Peripheral neovascularization
• Sickle cell diseases (HbSC > HbS-thalassemia > HbSS)
• Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)
• Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
• Eales disease
• Incontinentia pigmenti
• Idiopathic Retinitis, Vasculitis, Aneurysms, and Neuroretinitis (IRVAN)
• Talc retinopathy
• Hyperviscosity syndromes
• Retinoschisis
• Ocular ischemic syndrome
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Choroidal Neovascularization
Degenerative conditions
• Age-related macular degeneration (wet)
• Angioid streaks
• Pathologic myopic degeneration
• Optic nerve head drusen
Infectious
• Serpinginous choroiditis
• Multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP)
• Behcet's disease
• Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome
• Sympathetic ophthalmia
Inflammatory
• Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome
• Toxocoriasis
• Rubella retinopathy
Tumor / Neoplasm
• Choroidal hemangioma
• Choroidal metastasis
• Choroidal nevus
• Hemartoma of RPE
• Nevus
Hereditary conditions
• Vettiliform macular dystrophy (Best disease)
• Fundus flavimaculatus
Traumatic
• Choroidal rupture
• Intense retinal photocoagulation
Idiopathic
References:1)BCSC, Section 12
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Retinal arterial emboli
More common causes
• Cholesterol emboli (Hollenhorst plaques) (from carotid arteries)
• Platelet-fibrin emboli (associated with large vessel atherosclerosis)
• Calcific emboli (from cardiac valves)
Rare causes
• Cardiac myxoma
• Fat emboli (long-bone fractures)
• Talc emboli (intravenous drug use)
• Septic emboli (infective endocarditis)
References:1)BCSC, Section 12
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Coat's disease
The differential diagnosis of Coats' disease varies based on the stage at presentation.
Mild stages
(Stage 2: Vascular abnormalities with lipid exudates of varying degree)
• Retinitis pigmentosa
• Branch retinal vein occlusion
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Radiation retinopathy
• Juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasia
• Toxoplasmosis
Other systemic conditions: muscular dystrophy, Turner syndrome, Alport syndrome.
Advanced stages
(Stage 3: with subtotal or total retinal detachment)
• Retinoblastoma
• Persistent fetal vasculature
• Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
• Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)
• Retinal capillary hemangioma
• Retinal cavernous hemangioma
• Incontinentia pigmenti
• Norrie's disease
• Toxocariasis
References:1)BCSC, Section 12;   2)Pomerleau, Dustin et al, "Coats’ Disease: Diagnosis And Management." Review of Ophthalmology (2009). link
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Cotton wool spot
Ischemic
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hypertension
• retinal vein occlusion
• ischemic optic neuropathy
• ocular ischemic syndrome
Infectious
• HIV / AIDS
• Septicemia
• Leptospirosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Cytomegalovirus retinitis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Onchocerciasis
Inflammatory / Collagen-vascular diseases
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Dermatomyositis
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Scleroderma
• Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (aka Wegener's granulomatosis)
Medication induced
• interferon retinopathy
Other
• Papillitis
• Papilledema
• Transient hypoperfusion
• Anemia (severe)
• High altitude retinopathy
• Radiation retinopathy
• Epiretinal membrane
Idiopathic
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Angioid streaks (Knapp striae)
More common associations
PEPSI
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Ehler-Danlos syndrome
Paget's disease of bone
Sickle cell disease & other hemoglobinopathies
Idiopathic (up to 50%)
Other associations
abetalipoproteinemia
acromegaly
dwarfism
diabetes mellitus
hemochromatosis
facial angiomatosis
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura
chronic familial hyperphosphatemia
hypercalcinosis
diffuse lipomatosis
acquired hemolytic anemia
myopia
neurofibromatosis
epilepsy
senile elastosis
Sturge-Weber syndrome
trauma
tuberous sclerosis
References:1)BCSC;   2)Abusamak, Mohammad, et al. "Improving Differential Diagnosis of Angioid Streaks." Retinal Physician 8.9 (2011): 30-35. link
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Neuro-ophthalmology
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Anisocoria
Worse in dark conditions
• Horner's syndrome
• Physiologic anisocoria
Worse in more lit conditions
• Adie (tonic) pupuil
• Traumatic (torn/damaged iris sphincter muscle )
• Pharmacologic agent (unilatateral exposure)
• Third nerve palsy
References:Will's Eye manual; "Neuro-ophthalmology" chapter
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Horner syndrome
1st order neuron
• Stroke
• Tumor (intra-cranial)
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Severe osteoarthritis of the neck with bony spurs (rare)
2nd order neuron
• Tumor (Pancoast tumor, lung carcinoma, metastasis, thyroid adenoma, neurofibroma). Patients with pain in
• In children: consider neuroblastoma, lymphoma, metastasis.
3rd order neuron
• Headache syndrome (e.g., cluster, migraine, Raeder paratrigeminal syndrome)
• Internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection
• Varicella zoster virus
• Otitis media
• Tolosa–Hunt syndrome
• Neck trauma, tumor, inflammation
• Cavernous sinus pathology (tumor, thrombosis, hemorrhage)
References: Will's Eye manual; "Neuro-ophthalmology" chapter
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Acute ophtalmoparesis (bilateral)
Brainstem causes
  • Pretectal infarct
  • Phenytoin toxicity
  • Wernicke's syndrome
Cranial nerves causes
  • Guillain-Barré (Miller-Fisher syndrome)
  • tuberculous meningitis
Cavernous sinuses causes
  • Tumors or infection
Myoneural junction causes
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Botulism
References: Keane, J.R., 1986. Acute bilateral ophthalmoplegia: 60 cases. Neurology, 36(2), pp.279-279. link
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--CONDITION--
1st order neuron