You can seach for a condition/finding in the box below

• Retina

• Peripheral neovascularization

  • Sickle cell diseases (HbSC > HbS-thalassemia > HbSS)

  • Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)

  • Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

  • Eales disease

  • Incontinentia pigmenti

  • Idiopathic Retinitis, Vasculitis, Aneurysms, and Neuroretinitis (IRVAN)

  • Talc retinopathy

  • Hyperviscosity syndromes

  • Retinoschisis

  • Ocular ischemic syndrome

• Choroidal Neovascularization

  Degenerative conditions

  • Age-related macular degeneration (wet)

  • Angioid streaks

  • Pathologic myopic degeneration

  • Optic nerve head drusen

  Infectious

  • Serpinginous choroiditis

  • Multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP)

  • Behcet's disease

  • Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome

  • Sympathetic ophthalmia

  Inflammatory

  • Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome

  • Toxocoriasis

  • Rubella retinopathy

  Tumor / Neoplasm

  • Choroidal hemangioma

  • Choroidal metastasis

  • Choroidal nevus

  • Hemartoma of RPE

  • Nevus

  Hereditary conditions

  • Vettiliform macular dystrophy (Best disease)

  • Fundus flavimaculatus

  Traumatic

  • Choroidal rupture

  • Intense retinal photocoagulation

  Idiopathic

  
  

  References:1)BCSC, Section 12

• Retinal arterial emboli

  More common causes

  • Cholesterol emboli (Hollenhorst plaques) (from carotid arteries)

  • Platelet-fibrin emboli (associated with large vessel atherosclerosis)

  • Calcific emboli (from cardiac valves)

  
  

  Rare causes

  • Cardiac myxoma

  • Fat emboli (long-bone fractures)

  • Talc emboli (intravenous drug use)

  • Septic emboli (infective endocarditis)

  
  

  References:1)BCSC, Section 12

• Coat's disease

  The differential diagnosis of Coats' disease varies based on the stage at presentation.

  
  

  Mild stages

  (Stage 2: Vascular abnormalities with lipid exudates of varying degree)

  • Retinitis pigmentosa

  • Branch retinal vein occlusion

  • Diabetic retinopathy

  • Radiation retinopathy

  • Juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasia

  • Toxoplasmosis

  Other systemic conditions: muscular dystrophy, Turner syndrome, Alport syndrome.

  
  

  Advanced stages

  (Stage 3: with subtotal or total retinal detachment)

  • Retinoblastoma

  • Persistent fetal vasculature

  • Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

  • Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)

  • Retinal capillary hemangioma

  • Retinal cavernous hemangioma

  • Incontinentia pigmenti

  • Norrie's disease

  • Toxocariasis

  
  

  References:1)BCSC, Section 12;   2)Pomerleau, Dustin et al, "Coats’ Disease: Diagnosis And Management." Review of Ophthalmology (2009). link

• Cotton wool spot

  Ischemic

  • Diabetes mellitus

  • Hypertension

  • retinal vein occlusion

  • ischemic optic neuropathy

  • ocular ischemic syndrome

  Infectious

  • HIV / AIDS

  • Septicemia

  • Leptospirosis

  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever

  • Cytomegalovirus retinitis

  • Toxoplasmosis

  • Onchocerciasis

  Inflammatory / Collagen-vascular diseases

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus

  • Dermatomyositis

  • Polyarteritis nodosa

  • Rheumatoid arthritis

  • Scleroderma

  • Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (aka Wegener's granulomatosis)

  Medication induced

  • interferon retinopathy

  Other

  • Papillitis

  • Papilledema

  • Transient hypoperfusion

  • Anemia (severe)

  • High altitude retinopathy

  • Radiation retinopathy

  • Epiretinal membrane

  Idiopathic

  
  

• Angioid streaks (Knapp striae)

  More common associations

  PEPSI

  Pseudoxanthoma elasticum

  Ehler-Danlos syndrome

  Paget's disease of bone

  Sickle cell disease & other hemoglobinopathies

  Idiopathic (up to 50%)

  
  

  Other associations

  abetalipoproteinemia

  acromegaly

  dwarfism

  diabetes mellitus

  hemochromatosis

  facial angiomatosis

  idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

  chronic familial hyperphosphatemia

  hypercalcinosis

  diffuse lipomatosis

  acquired hemolytic anemia

  myopia

  neurofibromatosis

  epilepsy

  senile elastosis

  Sturge-Weber syndrome

  trauma

  tuberous sclerosis

  
  

  References:1)BCSC;   2)Abusamak, Mohammad, et al. "Improving Differential Diagnosis of Angioid Streaks." Retinal Physician 8.9 (2011): 30-35. link

• Neuro-ophthalmology

• Anisocoria

  Worse in dark conditions

  • Horner's syndrome

  • Physiologic anisocoria

  Worse in more lit conditions

  • Adie (tonic) pupuil

  • Traumatic (torn/damaged iris sphincter muscle )

  • Pharmacologic agent (unilatateral exposure)

  • Third nerve palsy

  
  

  References:Will's Eye manual; "Neuro-ophthalmology" chapter

• Horner syndrome

  1st order neuron

  • Stroke

  • Tumor (intra-cranial)

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS)

  • Severe osteoarthritis of the neck with bony spurs (rare)

  
  

  2nd order neuron

  • Tumor (Pancoast tumor, lung carcinoma, metastasis, thyroid adenoma, neurofibroma). Patients with pain in

  • In children: consider neuroblastoma, lymphoma, metastasis.

  
  

  3rd order neuron

  • Headache syndrome (e.g., cluster, migraine, Raeder paratrigeminal syndrome)

  • Internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection

  • Varicella zoster virus

  • Otitis media

  • Tolosa–Hunt syndrome

  • Neck trauma, tumor, inflammation

  • Cavernous sinus pathology (tumor, thrombosis, hemorrhage)

  
  

  References: Will's Eye manual; "Neuro-ophthalmology" chapter

• Acute ophtalmoparesis (bilateral)

  Brainstem causes

    • Pretectal infarct

    • Phenytoin toxicity

    • Wernicke's syndrome

  Cranial nerves causes

    • Guillain-Barré (Miller-Fisher syndrome)

    • tuberculous meningitis

  Cavernous sinuses causes

    • Tumors or infection

  Myoneural junction causes

    • Myasthenia gravis

    • Botulism

  
  

  References: Keane, J.R., 1986. Acute bilateral ophthalmoplegia: 60 cases. Neurology, 36(2), pp.279-279. link

• --CONDITION--

  1st order neuron